= 110.22 kg
Body weight only — suit weight calculated separately below
= 16.09 km
Power Profile — Pulsed Coil Operation
Percentage of time coils are actively firing during cruise (pulsed operation)
Time at full power for takeoff/ascent
Time for controlled descent
Duty cycle during controlled descent phase
Advanced Parameters
01 — COIL ARRAY CONFIGURATION
Magnetic Lift & Propulsion Coils
Coil Utilization (of 50 max)
■ Displacement
■ Altitude/Maneuver
■ Unused
02 — FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
Velocity, Altitude & Range Envelope
03 — MAGNETIC FIELD ANALYSIS
Solenoid Field Strength & Flux Density
04 — ENERGY BUDGET
Power Draw, Battery & Fuel Cell Sizing
05 — AXIAL FLUX STARTER GENERATORS WITH TURBINE FLYWHEELS (×2)
Dual Kinetic Energy Storage & Power Recovery (AFSG)
AFSG Operational Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| AFSG Configuration | Dual Unit (Failsafe) | — |
| AFSG Power Density | 4–6 | kW/kg |
| Energy Storage per Unit | 0.5–1.2 | MJ |
| Energy Storage per Unit | 0.139–0.333 | kWh |
| Combined Efficiency | 85–90 | % |
| Thermal Management | Passive (composite housing + airflow) | — |
| Modularity | Cartridge design (field-swappable) | — |
| Maintenance Projection | < 1,500 | $/year |
| Fabrication Partner | Lubrizol | — |
| Cruise Coil Operation | Pulsed (duty cycle adjustable) | — |
| Cruise Duty Cycle | 25 | % |
For detailed AFSG sizing and operational modeling, see companion tool: AFSG Sizing Engine (HP-AFSG-001).
Dual counter-rotating Axial Flux Starter Generators with Turbine Flywheels cancel net gyroscopic precession, providing energy storage without compromising pilot maneuverability. The axial flux motor/generator enables regenerative braking — converting deceleration energy back into flywheel rotational kinetic energy. AFSG units feature a cartridge-based modular design for field-swappable maintenance. During cruise, coils operate in pulsed mode — the AFSG serves as the PRIMARY power source, easily covering the reduced average power demand.
06 — THERMAL MANAGEMENT
System Heat Load & Cooling Status
FLIGHT PHASE POWER ANALYSIS
Pulsed coil operation — power demand varies by flight phase
LIFT PHASE — TAKEOFF / ASCENT
Full power — all active coils at 100% duty
CRUISE PHASE — PULSED OPERATION
AFSG PRIMARY — low average power draw
DESCENT PHASE — CONTROLLED
Minimal power — AFSG covers 100%
Mission Energy Summary
Corrected Mission Power Source Split
■ AFSG (Primary)
■ Fuel Cell (Burst)
OPERATIONAL FLIGHT ENVELOPE
AFSG-Rated Continuous Flight Boundaries
COIL ROTATION THERMAL MANAGEMENT — SUB-ARRAY CYCLING MODEL
Active rotation of coil sub-arrays for continuous thermal sustainability
Sub-Array Rotation Diagram
Rotation Timing Calculations
FLIGHT SUIT WEIGHT BUDGET
50–70 lb Maximum Design Constraint
Component-level weight budget derived from physical specifications. Coil mass = 0.42 kg (150 turns, 18 AWG copper, 0.05m radius). Target envelope: 50–70 lbs.
Coil Mass Derivation
Wire length per coil: 150 turns × 2π × 0.05 m = 47.1 m
Wire cross-section (18 AWG): 0.824 mm²
Copper mass per coil: 47.1 m × 0.824 mm² × 8,960 kg/m³ = 0.348 kg
Bobbin + insulation (+20%): 0.348 × 0.20 = 0.070 kg
Total mass per coil: 0.348 + 0.070 = 0.42 kg (0.93 lbs)
Wire cross-section (18 AWG): 0.824 mm²
Copper mass per coil: 47.1 m × 0.824 mm² × 8,960 kg/m³ = 0.348 kg
Bobbin + insulation (+20%): 0.348 × 0.20 = 0.070 kg
Total mass per coil: 0.348 + 0.070 = 0.42 kg (0.93 lbs)
Weight Limit: 50–70 lbs
ENDURANCE ANALYSIS — CRUISE MODE
Near-Indefinite Flight Assessment (Pulsed Cruise Power Model)
Regeneration Sensitivity Table
AFSG SPEC SHEET NOTE: Endurance projections reflect AFSG spec sheet values (0.5–1.2 MJ per unit, 85–90% recycling) and pulsed coil operation. At cruise speeds ≤ 138 mph and altitudes ≤ 3,000 ft, the dual AFSG configuration with turbine flywheel regeneration supports near-indefinite cruise endurance under the coil rotation thermal management model. The AFSG is the PRIMARY power source during cruise — pulsed operation reduces average power draw to a fraction of instantaneous coil power.
Mission Summary
Energy Summary
System Status
Sensitivity Analysis
Reference Formulas
Magnetic Field: H = (I × N) / L [A/m]
Flux Density: B = μ₀ × H [Tesla]
Coil Count: Ncoils = ⌈Weight / Liftper coil⌉
Altitude: Altmax = Ncoils × Altmultiplier [ft]
Velocity: Vmax = Ncoils × Vmultiplier [mph]
Distance: Dmax = Ncoils × Dmultiplier [mi]
Flight Time: t = Distance / Vmax × 60 [min]
Energy: E = Ncoils × Eper coil × ηeff × (1 + buffer)
AFSG Flywheel KE: E = ½Iω² [J]
Pulsed Cruise Power: Pcruise_avg = Pinstantaneous × (DutyCycle / 100)
Phase Energy: Ephase = Pavg × Duration [J → Wh]
Thermal — Active Coil Equiv: ACE = DispCoils + (AltCoils × DutyCycle)
Thermal — Coil Heat: Qcoil = ACE × 0.3 [kW]
Thermal — Wind Cooling: Qwind = Vcruise × 0.015 [kW]
Thermal — Soak Factor: σ = min(1.0, t / 30)
Thermal — Effective Heat: Qeff = (Qtotal − Qwind) × σ
Heat Index: HI = Qeff / Qcooling
Adjusted Power: P = Pbase × (Ncoils/30) × DrawMultiplier
Sub-Array Rotation:
Thermal Capacity = ArrayMass × Ccopper [J/K]
Time to ΔT Threshold = Capacity × ΔT / NetHeat [s]
Cool Time (80%) = Capacity × (ΔT × 0.8) / CoolRate [s]
AFSG Energy Storage: EAFSG = 0.5–1.2 MJ per unit (spec range)
AFSG Recycling Efficiency: ηAFSG = 85–90% (87.5% midpoint)
AFSG Generation Capacity: PAFSG = 2 × massunit × powerDensity [kW]
Coil Mass (physically derived): mcoil = (N × 2πr × Awire × ρCu) × 1.20 [kg]
= (150 × 2π × 0.05 × 0.824×10⁻⁶ × 8960) × 1.20 = 0.42 kg
Constants:
μ₀ = 1.2566 × 10⁻⁶ T·m/A | g = 9.81 m/s² | 1 lb = 0.453592 kg | 1 mi = 1.60934 km | 1 ft = 0.3048 m | Ccopper = 385 J/(kg·K)
Flux Density: B = μ₀ × H [Tesla]
Coil Count: Ncoils = ⌈Weight / Liftper coil⌉
Altitude: Altmax = Ncoils × Altmultiplier [ft]
Velocity: Vmax = Ncoils × Vmultiplier [mph]
Distance: Dmax = Ncoils × Dmultiplier [mi]
Flight Time: t = Distance / Vmax × 60 [min]
Energy: E = Ncoils × Eper coil × ηeff × (1 + buffer)
AFSG Flywheel KE: E = ½Iω² [J]
Pulsed Cruise Power: Pcruise_avg = Pinstantaneous × (DutyCycle / 100)
Phase Energy: Ephase = Pavg × Duration [J → Wh]
Thermal — Active Coil Equiv: ACE = DispCoils + (AltCoils × DutyCycle)
Thermal — Coil Heat: Qcoil = ACE × 0.3 [kW]
Thermal — Wind Cooling: Qwind = Vcruise × 0.015 [kW]
Thermal — Soak Factor: σ = min(1.0, t / 30)
Thermal — Effective Heat: Qeff = (Qtotal − Qwind) × σ
Heat Index: HI = Qeff / Qcooling
Adjusted Power: P = Pbase × (Ncoils/30) × DrawMultiplier
Sub-Array Rotation:
Thermal Capacity = ArrayMass × Ccopper [J/K]
Time to ΔT Threshold = Capacity × ΔT / NetHeat [s]
Cool Time (80%) = Capacity × (ΔT × 0.8) / CoolRate [s]
AFSG Energy Storage: EAFSG = 0.5–1.2 MJ per unit (spec range)
AFSG Recycling Efficiency: ηAFSG = 85–90% (87.5% midpoint)
AFSG Generation Capacity: PAFSG = 2 × massunit × powerDensity [kW]
Coil Mass (physically derived): mcoil = (N × 2πr × Awire × ρCu) × 1.20 [kg]
= (150 × 2π × 0.05 × 0.824×10⁻⁶ × 8960) × 1.20 = 0.42 kg
Constants:
μ₀ = 1.2566 × 10⁻⁶ T·m/A | g = 9.81 m/s² | 1 lb = 0.453592 kg | 1 mi = 1.60934 km | 1 ft = 0.3048 m | Ccopper = 385 J/(kg·K)
Scientific References & Standards
Peer-Reviewed Sources, Textbooks & Regulatory Standards Underlying This Tool
Category A — Electromagnetic Theory
Foundations for solenoid field equations, magnetic moment, dipole field calculations, and Maxwell stress tensor
[1]
Jackson, J.D. "Classical Electrodynamics," 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.
ISBN: 978-0-471-30932-1
Used in: Magnetic field analysis (Card 03) — dipole field equations Baxial = (μ₀/4π)(2m/r³), magnetic pressure P = B²/(2μ₀), Maxwell stress tensor formulation.
Relevant sections: Chapter 5 (Magnetostatics), Section 5.6 (Magnetic Dipole), Section 5.10 (Magnetic Energy).
[2]
Griffiths, D.J. "Introduction to Electrodynamics," 4th Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
ISBN: 978-1-108-42041-9
Used in: Magnetic field analysis (Card 03) — Biot-Savart law, solenoid field H = NI/L, flux density B = μ₀H, magnetic moment m = NIA.
Relevant sections: Chapter 5 (Magnetostatics), Section 5.3 (Biot-Savart Law), Section 5.4 (Applications — solenoid).
[3]
Purcell, E.M. & Morin, D.J. "Electricity and Magnetism," 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
ISBN: 978-1-107-01402-2
Used in: Supplementary reference for electromagnetic field theory, vector potential methods, and energy density in magnetic fields.
Category B — AFSG Flywheel Energy Storage
Foundations for kinetic energy storage, flywheel rotor design, and regenerative energy recovery in Axial Flux Starter Generator with Turbine Flywheels
[4]
Li, X. & Palazzolo, A. "A review of flywheel energy storage systems: state of the art and opportunities." Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 46, 103576, 2022.
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2021.103576
Used in: Axial Flux Starter Generators with Turbine Flywheels (Card 05) — flywheel energy density assumptions, magnetic bearing technology, carbon fiber rotor properties, system-level efficiency factors.
[5]
Yangoz, C. & Erhan, K. "High-Speed Kinetic Energy Storage System Development and ANSYS Analysis of Hybrid Multi-Layered Rotor Structure." Applied Sciences, Vol. 15(10), 5759, 2025.
DOI: 10.3390/app15105759
Used in: Axial Flux Starter Generators with Turbine Flywheels (Card 05) — carbon fiber composite rotor energy density improvements (10-23% enhancement), hybrid multi-layered rotor design validation.
[6]
Genta, G. "Kinetic Energy Storage: Theory and Practice of Advanced Flywheel Systems." Butterworth-Heinemann, 1985.
ISBN: 978-0-408-01396-3
Used in: Axial Flux Starter Generators with Turbine Flywheels (Card 05) — foundational flywheel mechanics, rotational kinetic energy E = ½Iω², moment of inertia calculations, gyroscopic effects and counter-rotation cancellation.
Category C — Axial Flux Starter Generator Technology
Power density benchmarks for Axial Flux Starter Generator with Turbine Flywheels (AFSG) integrated systems
[7]
YASA Limited. "Axial Flux Motor Achieves 59 kW/kg Peak Power Density." Press Release, Oxford Innovation Centre, October 22, 2025.
Used in: Axial Flux Starter Generators with Turbine Flywheels (Card 05) — peak power density benchmark (59 kW/kg), continuous power estimates (350-400 kW from 12.7 kg prototype), compact scalable design validation for AFSG architecture.
[8]
Woolmer, T.J. & McCulloch, M.D. "Analysis of the Yokeless And Segmented Armature Machine." IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2007.
DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382753
Used in: Axial Flux Starter Generators with Turbine Flywheels (Card 05) — YASA topology fundamentals, yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) architecture for compact high-power-density AFSG motor/generator design.
Category D — Thermal Management
Foundations for heat transfer, thermal capacity, convective cooling, and thermal management modeling
[9]
Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L. & Lavine, A.S. "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer," 7th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
ISBN: 978-0-470-50197-9
Used in: Thermal Management (Card 06), Coil Rotation Model — specific heat capacity of copper (385 J/kg·K), forced convective cooling at flight velocity, heat generation and dissipation modeling, thermal soak factor derivation.
[10]
Cengel, Y.A. & Ghajar, A.J. "Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach," 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
ISBN: 978-0-07-339818-1
Used in: Thermal Management (Card 06) — supplementary reference for convective heat transfer coefficients at varying air velocities, thermal resistance networks.
Category E — General Physics & Constants
Fundamental constants and general physics reference
[11]
Halliday, D., Resnick, R. & Walker, J. "Fundamentals of Physics," 11th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
ISBN: 978-1-119-30685-0
Used in: All cards — foundational physics: Newton's laws (F = ma), rotational mechanics, energy conservation, unit conversions.
[12]
NIST. "Fundamental Physical Constants — CODATA 2018." National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Used in: All cards — μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ T·m/A, g = 9.80665 m/s², unit conversion factors (lb/kg, mi/km, ft/m).
Category F — Proprietary References
JRAD Magnetic Flight Systems & Technology — Doctrinal References
[13]
Radford, J. "Hollow Physics III — Multi-Field Magnetic Propulsion: The Principles of Recursive Mobility." JRAD Magnetic Flight Systems & Technology, 2026.
Used in: Entire tool — doctrinal foundation for magnetic propulsion system architecture, multi-field coil array design, recursive mobility principles, and self-generated field architecture (PDP-001).
⬥ Proprietary Publication
REFERENCE TRACEABILITY: Each formula and assumption in this tool is traceable to one or more of the references listed above. The "Used in" field identifies which calculator card(s) employ the referenced material. References [1]–[12] are publicly available, peer-reviewed or standards-body publications. Reference [13] is a proprietary publication by JRAD Magnetic Flight Systems & Technology.